Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 17th century and symbolizes making a great effort to think hard or remember something.

Meaning:
Making a great effort to think hard or remember something.

Usage:

1. She racked her brain trying to solve the puzzle.
2. He racked his brain to remember where he left his keys.
3. They racked their brains to come up with a solution.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Think hard," "Strain one's mind," "Ponder deeply"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to think hard or struggle mentally to solve a problem or remember something. The "rack" here metaphorically refers to the mental effort or strain, not a literal rack used for torture. It signifies exerting mental energy to recall or solve something, so the figurative meaning is key.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 19th century, symbolizing the act of experiencing intense physical or emotional pain. It comes from the image of being stretched on a rack, an old torture device.

Meaning:
To experience intense physical or emotional pain.

Usage:

1. He was racked with pain after the surgery.
2. She felt racked with pain from the loss.
3. They were racked with pain during the illness.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"In agony," "Suffering," "In torment."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to be in extreme pain or suffering, usually emotional or physical. The word "racked" is used here to evoke the image of being tortured or stretched, but the literal interpretation of being physically racked with pain is not meant. The meaning is non-literal, and the figurative expression conveys the intensity of the pain.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 19th century, symbolizing a transformation from poverty to wealth. It comes from the image of someone rising from wearing rags to becoming rich.

Meaning:
A transformation from poverty to wealth.

Usage:

1. His story is a classic rags to riches tale.
2. She went from rags to riches through hard work.
3. They admired his rags to riches journey.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"From poverty to wealth," "Success story," "Rise to fortune."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively refers to a dramatic rise from poverty to wealth, typically used to describe someone's success story. While the words "rags" and "riches" are literal, their combination in this context is non-literal and figurative, representing a transformation in status rather than the actual clothes or wealth.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes spoiling someone's plans or happiness.

Meaning:
Spoiling someone's plans or happiness.

Usage:

1. She didn't want to rain on his parade with the bad news.
2. He felt that the criticism rained on his parade.
3. They tried not to rain on her parade during her celebration.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Disappoint," "Spoil plans," "Dampen spirits"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to spoil or dampen someone’s happiness or plans. "Rain" here doesn't refer to literal weather but rather to a negative influence that ruins an otherwise joyful event or moment. The meaning cannot be derived directly from the individual words, making it an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 17th century, symbolizing heavy rain. Its exact origin is unclear, but it is thought to come from the idea of a storm so intense that it seems as if cats and dogs are falling from the sky.

Meaning:
Heavy rain.

Usage:

1. It was raining cats and dogs all night.
2. She got soaked because it was raining cats and dogs.
3. They canceled the event because it was raining cats and dogs.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Pouring," "Heavy rain," "Downpour."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means raining very heavily. The idiom "cats and dogs" has no literal connection to the weather; it's a figurative expression used to describe a downpour. The meaning cannot be deduced from the literal words alone, making it a non-literal idiomatic expression.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes causing a commotion or making a fuss about something.

Meaning:
Causing a commotion or making a fuss about something.

Usage:

1. He raised a stink about the unfair treatment.
2. She raised a stink when her order was incorrect.
3. They raised a stink over the new policy changes.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Make a fuss," "Complain loudly," "Cause an uproar"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to create a commotion or stir up trouble, often over something trivial. "Raise" here doesn't refer to a literal raising, and "stink" doesn’t mean an actual smell; instead, it signifies causing a disturbance or complaint. Thus, its meaning is figurative and cannot be understood just by the literal meaning of the words.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 19th century and symbolizes causing trouble or creating a disturbance.

Meaning:
Causing trouble or creating a disturbance.

Usage:

1. He raised Cain when he found out about the mistake.
2. She raised Cain during the meeting over the issue.
3. They raised Cain in the neighborhood with their antics.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Cause havoc," "Create trouble," "Make a ruckus"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to cause trouble or behave in a disorderly manner. "Cain" refers to the biblical character who committed a major transgression, and in this idiom, it symbolizes creating chaos or trouble. It cannot be interpreted from the literal meanings of the words, as it has a historical or cultural figurative context.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes causing surprise or disapproval.

Meaning:
Causing surprise or disapproval.

Usage:

1. His unconventional methods raised eyebrows.
2. She raised eyebrows with her bold fashion choices.
3. They raised eyebrows by questioning the authority.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Surprise," "Astonish," "Shock"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to cause surprise, shock, or curiosity, typically by doing something unexpected or controversial. "Raise" here doesn’t refer to the literal action of lifting eyebrows but to the figurative reaction of eliciting attention or shock, so the meaning cannot be directly inferred from the words alone.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes making a lot of noise or causing a commotion.

Meaning:
Making a lot of noise or causing a commotion.

Usage:

1. The crowd raised the roof with their cheering.
2. She raised the roof at the party with her dancing.
3. They raised the roof when their team won the game.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Make noise," "Celebrate loudly," "Cause a commotion"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to make a lot of noise or create excitement, typically through celebration or protest. "Raise" and "roof" here don't refer to physical actions but rather a figurative sense of causing an uproar or commotion. The idiom's meaning cannot be deduced from the individual words.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 19th century and symbolizes invoking a troubling or frightening prospect.

Meaning:
Invoking a troubling or frightening prospect.

Usage:

1. The report raised the specter of economic recession.
2. She raised the specter of layoffs during the meeting.
3. They raised the specter of conflict with their proposal.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Invoke fear," "Forewarn," "Propose danger"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to bring up or invoke a threat or concern, often something ominous. "Specter" refers to a ghost or haunting figure, but in the phrase, it is used metaphorically to indicate an issue or fear. The meaning is figurative, making it an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 18th century, symbolizing the act of surrendering or giving up. It comes from the practice of raising a white flag to signal surrender in battle.

Meaning:
To surrender or give up.

Usage:

1. He raised the white flag and admitted defeat.
2. She refused to raise the white flag and kept fighting.
3. They decided to raise the white flag and negotiate.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Surrender," "Give up," "Concede."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to surrender or give up, originating from the historical use of the white flag as a signal of surrender. The idiom's meaning is not directly tied to the literal act of raising a flag but to the concept of conceding defeat or yielding, which is non-literal and figurative.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes earning a lot of money.

Meaning:
Earning a lot of money.

Usage:

1. He raked in the dough with his new business.
2. She plans to rake in the dough with her innovative product.
3. They raked in the dough from their investments.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Earn big," "Make a fortune," "Bring in money"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to earn a large amount of money. "Rake" refers to the action of gathering or collecting something, and "dough" is slang for money. While "rake" is related to a literal tool used for gathering, the meaning of collecting money is figurative, so this phrase is an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 20th century, symbolizing the act of earning a large amount of money. It comes from the image of raking leaves, but instead raking in money.

Meaning:
To earn a large amount of money.

Usage:

1. He raked in the money with his successful business.
2. She hoped her new product would rake in the money.
3. They raked in the money during the holiday season.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Earn a fortune," "Make a lot of money," "Cash in."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to make a large amount of money, typically with ease. The word "rake" refers to the tool used to gather things, but in this context, it is a non-literal expression for collecting or earning money quickly. The figurative meaning cannot be deduced from the literal words, making it an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 20th century, symbolizing the act of revisiting or rehashing past events, especially unpleasant ones. It comes from the idea of stirring up ashes of a past fire.

Meaning:
To revisit or rehash past events, especially unpleasant ones.

Usage:

1. She didn't want to rake over the ashes of their past arguments.
2. He was tired of raking over the ashes of old mistakes.
3. They agreed not to rake over the ashes and move forward.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Rehash," "Dwell on the past," "Bring up old issues."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to dwell on or revisit past mistakes or misfortunes. "Raking over the ashes" suggests examining something that is no longer useful or has already been dealt with, but the meaning is figurative and not related to the literal action of raking ashes. It conveys the act of unnecessarily revisiting past issues.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 19th century and symbolizes scolding or criticizing someone severely.

Meaning:
Scolding or criticizing someone severely.

Usage:

1. The boss raked him over the coals for the mistake.
2. She was raked over the coals for missing the deadline.
3. They raked him over the coals for his poor performance.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Scold harshly," "Criticize severely," "Reprimand"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to criticize or scold someone harshly. "Rake" refers to the metaphorical action of exposing someone to harsh treatment, and "coals" signifies a difficult or uncomfortable situation. The phrase cannot be understood from the literal meanings of the words alone.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 20th century, symbolizing the act of forcing someone to accept something against their will. It comes from the image of forcefully pushing something down someone's throat.

Meaning:
To force someone to accept something against their will.

Usage:

1. He felt like they were ramming their opinions down his throat.
2. She didn't want to ram her ideas down their throats.
3. They accused him of ramming the changes down their throats.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Force on someone," "Impose," "Push."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to force someone to accept or believe something, often against their will. The imagery of "ramming something down someone's throat" evokes forceful action but is figurative, referring to pressure or coercion rather than a literal act. The non-literal meaning makes it an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 17th century and symbolizes searching a place thoroughly, often causing disorder or damage.

Meaning:
Searching a place thoroughly, often causing disorder or damage.

Usage:

1. The burglars ransacked the place looking for valuables.
2. She ransacked the place trying to find her keys.
3. They ransacked the place in search of important documents.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Tear apart," "Search thoroughly," "Turn upside down"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to thoroughly search a place, often in a disorderly or destructive way. "Ransack" originally referred to the act of plundering or pillaging, which is an intense, figurative action, and the phrase carries that figurative meaning, making it an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 20th century, symbolizing the act of speaking loudly and angrily about something. It comes from the idea of shouting and expressing frustration.

Meaning:
To speak loudly and angrily about something.

Usage:

1. He would rant and rave about politics for hours.
2. She couldn't help but rant and rave about the poor service.
3. They listened to him rant and rave about the traffic.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Vent," "Shout angrily," "Complain loudly."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to speak or shout in an angry, impassioned way. "Rant" and "rave" both refer to excessive, emotional speech, but the idiom does not literally mean to rant and rave in the direct sense. The figurative nature of the phrase—expressing anger or frustration—makes it an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 19th century, symbolizing a mild reprimand or scolding. It comes from the image of a teacher rapping a student's knuckles with a ruler as a form of discipline.

Meaning:
A mild reprimand or scolding.

Usage:

1. He received a rap on the knuckles for being late.
2. She gave her team a rap on the knuckles for missing the deadline.
3. They got a rap on the knuckles for breaking the rules.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Scolding," "Reprimand," "Warning."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively refers to a punishment or reprimand, often a mild or metaphorical one. The literal act of rapping someone’s knuckles with a hand or a ruler evokes a specific, harsh action, but the idiom's meaning is symbolic and refers to receiving a form of correction or scolding, not the actual physical action.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 20th century and symbolizes betraying someone by informing on them.

Meaning:
Betraying someone by informing on them.

Usage:

1. He ratted on his friend to avoid punishment.
2. She was accused of ratting on her coworkers.
3. They promised not to rat on each other.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Inform on," "Betray," "Snitch"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to inform on someone or betray them, usually to authorities. "Rat" in this context doesn't refer to the literal animal but rather to the idea of betraying or informing. It’s a figurative expression where the literal meaning of the words is not the same as the intended meaning.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes a competitive and exhausting routine, especially in a work or business environment.

Meaning:
A competitive and exhausting routine, especially in a work or business environment.

Usage:

1. He wanted to escape the rat race and find a simpler life.
2. She felt trapped in the rat race of corporate life.
3. They decided to take a break from the rat race to recharge.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Hustle and bustle," "Daily grind," "Competitive struggle"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to a competitive, exhausting, or futile situation, typically in the context of work or ambition. "Rat" in this case doesn’t refer to an actual rodent, but rather to the idea of people mindlessly racing in pursuit of success or material gain, making it figurative.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes disturbing or irritating someone.

Meaning:
Disturbing or irritating someone.

Usage:

1. She knew how to rattle his cage with her remarks.
2. He was trying to rattle her cage with his teasing.
3. They rattle each other's cages constantly.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Irritate," "Annoy," "Disturb"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to disturb, irritate, or provoke someone. "Rattle" here doesn’t refer to a literal cage but to the idea of shaking or agitating someone's emotions or composure. The meaning goes beyond the literal interpretation of the words, making it an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 20th century and symbolizes unfair treatment or a bad outcome.

Meaning:
Unfair treatment or a bad outcome.

Usage:

1. He felt he got a raw deal in the contract.
2. She received a raw deal from the company.
3. They knew it was a raw deal but had no choice.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Unfair treatment," "Bad bargain," "Unjust outcome"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to an unfair or unjust situation, especially when someone is treated poorly or taken advantage of. "Raw" here doesn’t refer to something uncooked, but rather to something harsh or undeserved. The idiom has a figurative meaning that cannot be understood from the literal words alone.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes understanding the hidden or underlying meaning of something.

Meaning:
Understanding the hidden or underlying meaning of something.

Usage:

1. She could read between the lines of his vague message.
2. He advised them to read between the lines of the report.
3. They needed to read between the lines to understand the real issue.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Interpret hidden meaning," "Understand subtleties," "See beyond the surface"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to understanding something that is not explicitly stated, often by interpreting subtle or hidden meanings. "Reading between the lines" is not a literal action of looking between physical lines of text but a figurative one, symbolizing deeper understanding. It can't be understood just from the literal meaning of the words.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 20th century and symbolizes understanding someone's thoughts or feelings easily.

Meaning:
Understanding someone's thoughts or feelings easily.

Usage:

1. She could read him like a book.
2. He read her like a book and knew she was upset.
3. They read each other like a book after years of friendship.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Understand fully," "Perceive easily," "Know intuitively"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to understand someone’s thoughts, feelings, or intentions easily. The idiom does not mean to literally read a person like you would a book, but rather to understand them deeply, which makes it non-literal and idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 18th century and symbolizes giving a severe warning or reprimand.

Meaning:
Giving a severe warning or reprimand.

Usage:

1. The manager read the employees the riot act about punctuality.
2. She read her children the riot act for breaking the rules.
3. They read the riot act to ensure compliance.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Warn sternly," "Rebuke," "Admonish"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to give someone a stern warning or reprimand, often before taking action. Similar to the previous example, "riot act" refers to a historical law but is used figuratively to indicate severe reprimand, rather than anything literal.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 20th century, symbolizing the act of predicting the future based on subtle signs or indications. It comes from the practice of reading patterns in tea leaves for divination.

Meaning:
To predict the future based on subtle signs or indications.

Usage:

1. He tried to read the tea leaves to predict market trends.
2. She read the tea leaves and sensed a change was coming.
3. They attempted to read the tea leaves from the early results.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Foresee," "Predict," "Anticipate."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to trying to predict the future or interpret signs in a vague or uncertain way. The literal act of reading tea leaves has no direct connection to making predictions, so the figurative meaning of looking for signs in random or ambiguous patterns is what makes it an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 19th century and symbolizes something that is genuine or authentic.

Meaning:
Something that is genuine or authentic.

Usage:

1. This vintage watch is the real McCoy.
2. She wanted to make sure the painting was the real McCoy.
3. They knew their new hire was the real McCoy.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Genuine article," "Real deal," "Authentic"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means the genuine or authentic version of something, especially when there are imitations. "McCoy" doesn’t refer to anything literal here; it symbolizes authenticity or the real deal, which makes this expression figurative rather than literal.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 16th century and symbolizes experiencing the consequences of one's actions.

Meaning:
Experiencing the consequences of one's actions.

Usage:

1. He learned that you reap what you sow.
2. She realized she would reap what she sowed with her decisions.
3. They warned him that he would reap what he sowed.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Face consequences," "Get what's coming," "Suffer results"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means that the actions you take will determine the consequences you face, typically in a moral or ethical context. "Reap" and "sow" both come from agriculture, but in this phrase, they symbolize the idea of cause and effect, which is a figurative meaning.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes an unpleasant issue or problem appearing.

Meaning:
An unpleasant issue or problem appearing.

Usage:

1. The problem reared its ugly head during the meeting.
2. She hoped her past mistakes wouldn't rear their ugly heads.
3. They were prepared for any issues that might rear their ugly heads.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Surface," "Emerge," "Appear"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to appear, usually unexpectedly or unwelcome, often in the context of problems or issues. "Rear" and "ugly head" are figurative terms here, referring to something problematic or troublesome appearing, which makes it an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 20th century and symbolizes making small changes that do not solve a major problem.

Meaning:
Making small changes that do not solve a major problem.

Usage:

1. Their efforts were like rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic.
2. She realized she was just rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic.
3. They needed a real solution, not just rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Futile efforts," "Pointless changes," "Ineffective actions"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to making superficial or futile changes in the face of an inevitable failure or crisis. The idiom uses the image of rearranging deck chairs on the doomed Titanic as a metaphor for making insignificant adjustments in a hopeless situation, making it a figurative expression.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 20th century, symbolizing a combination of factors or actions that are likely to lead to a bad outcome. It comes from the idea of a recipe where all the ingredients together create a disastrous result.

Meaning:
A combination of factors or actions likely to lead to a bad outcome.

Usage:

1. Leaving the stove unattended is a recipe for disaster.
2. Mixing alcohol and driving is a recipe for disaster.
3. Their lack of preparation was a recipe for disaster.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Surefire mess," "Guaranteed failure," "Path to ruin."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively refers to a situation that is likely to lead to failure or trouble. A "recipe" normally refers to a method for cooking, but in this context, it implies a formula or combination of actions that leads to an undesirable outcome, which cannot be deduced from the literal interpretation of the words.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 19th century, symbolizing a warning sign of danger or a problem. It comes from the practice of using a red flag to signal caution or stop.

Meaning:
A warning sign of danger or a problem.

Usage:

1. His erratic behavior was a red flag.
2. The financial discrepancies raised red flags.
3. Ignoring the red flags led to more issues.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Warning sign," "Alarm bell," "Danger signal."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to a warning or indication of trouble, danger, or an issue that requires attention. While a "red flag" has a literal meaning in terms of an actual flag used as a signal, in the figurative sense, it symbolizes something that should be noted as a warning, which cannot be directly understood from the literal meaning.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes something that distracts from the main issue.

Meaning:
Something that distracts from the main issue.

Usage:

1. His alibi was a red herring to throw off the investigation.
2. She realized the complaint was just a red herring.
3. They avoided the red herring and focused on the real problem.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Distraction," "Decoy," "False lead"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to something that misleads or distracts from the actual issue or argument. "Red herring" originally referred to a type of smoked fish, but in this context, it is used figuratively to describe something intended to divert attention, making it a non-literal expression.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 20th century, symbolizing something that is extremely popular or in demand. It comes from the idea of something being so hot it glows red.

Meaning:
Extremely popular or in demand.

Usage:

1. The new gadget is red hot on the market.
2. She had a red hot streak in sales.
3. The trend became red hot overnight.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"High demand," "Popular," "In vogue."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively refers to something that is extremely hot, popular, or in high demand, beyond just the literal meaning of temperature. For example, "red-hot" might describe an idea or item that is trending or receiving a lot of attention. The term "red hot" is often used in various contexts that require a figurative interpretation rather than just referring to physical heat.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 19th century, symbolizing the act of being embarrassed or angry. It comes from the physical reaction of one's face turning red when experiencing strong emotions.

Meaning:
To be embarrassed or angry.

Usage:

1. He turned red in the face when caught in a lie.
2. She was red in the face with frustration.
3. They were red in the face after the mistake was pointed out.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Embarrassed," "Flustered," "Angry."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to the physical state of embarrassment or shame, not to the literal color of someone's face. While the idiom uses "red," which may literally describe the flushing of a face, the figurative meaning is associated with emotional reactions like blushing from embarrassment. The connection to emotion makes it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 18th century and symbolizes excessive bureaucracy or adherence to rules.

Meaning:
Excessive bureaucracy or adherence to rules.

Usage:

1. They faced a lot of red tape when applying for permits.
2. She was frustrated by the red tape at the office.
3. He tried to cut through the red tape to get things done.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Bureaucracy," "Administrative hurdles," "Formalities"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to excessive bureaucratic rules, regulations, or procedures that are perceived as unnecessary and time-consuming. "Red tape" literally refers to the colored tape used to bind official documents in the past, but its figurative meaning is about inefficiency, which makes it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the mid-20th century, symbolizing a late-night or overnight flight. It comes from the idea of passengers having red eyes due to lack of sleep.

Meaning:
A late-night or overnight flight.

Usage:

1. He took the red-eye to New York.
2. She prefers red-eye flights to save time.
3. They arrived in the morning after a red-eye from LA.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Overnight flight," "Late-night trip," "Night journey."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively refers to a type of flight (usually overnight) where passengers are likely to be tired and have bloodshot eyes. While "red-eye" literally refers to the eyes becoming red due to tiredness, the idiom's primary meaning relates to the concept of overnight travel and the effects it has on a person, which makes it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 19th century, symbolizing the act of being caught in the act of doing something wrong. It comes from the idea of having red hands stained with blood, implying guilt.

Meaning:
To be caught in the act of doing something wrong.

Usage:

1. He was caught red-handed stealing.
2. She couldn't deny it; she was caught red-handed.
3. They caught him red-handed with the evidence.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Caught in the act," "Busted," "Apprehended."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to be caught in the act of doing something wrong, typically a crime, such as stealing. The "red" here refers figuratively to bloodstains or signs of guilt, and it cannot be interpreted literally. The non-literal, figurative meaning of being caught in the act defines this as an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 16th century and symbolizes a very important or memorable day.

Meaning:
A very important or memorable day.

Usage:

1. Graduation was a red-letter day for the students.
2. Her wedding day was a red-letter day in her life.
3. They marked the red-letter day on their calendar.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Important day," "Memorable occasion," "Significant event"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means a day that is memorable or special, often for a positive reason. "Red-letter" refers to the practice of marking special days with red ink on calendars, which gives the phrase a figurative meaning, going beyond the literal words.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes making someone cry.

Meaning:
Making someone cry.

Usage:

1. The sad movie reduced her to tears.
2. He was reduced to tears by the touching speech.
3. They were reduced to tears by the news.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Make cry," "Move to tears," "Cause to weep"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to cause someone to cry, usually through emotional impact. The idiom is not about literal reduction but about the emotional effect of an experience, making it non-literal and idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes being the most powerful or important.

Meaning:
Being the most powerful or important.

Usage:

1. She reigned supreme in the world of fashion.
2. The company reigned supreme in the industry.
3. He aimed to reign supreme in his field.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Dominate," "Rule," "Lead"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to be the best or most dominant in a particular area. "Reign" refers to rule or dominance, and while it’s metaphorical in this context, the figurative meaning of ruling over something makes it idiomatic rather than literal.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes wasting time by creating something that already exists.

Meaning:
Wasting time by creating something that already exists.

Usage:

1. They didn't want to reinvent the wheel, so they used existing solutions.
2. She advised against reinventing the wheel for the new project.
3. He realized they were reinventing the wheel with their approach.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Duplicate effort," "Waste time," "Redundant work"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to unnecessarily redo something that has already been done, usually in a more complicated way. "Reinventing the wheel" is not about actually creating a wheel again, but about making something unnecessarily complex, which is a non-literal use of the words.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes a person who has a wide range of knowledge or skills.

Meaning:
A person who has a wide range of knowledge or skills.

Usage:

1. He is considered a Renaissance man due to his expertise in art, science, and literature.
2. She admired him as a Renaissance man with his varied talents.
3. They called him a Renaissance man for his skills in multiple fields.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Polymath," "Multitalented," "Versatile worker"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to a person who is skilled in a variety of fields or activities, typically excelling in multiple areas. The idiom evokes the image of someone like Leonardo da Vinci, but its figurative meaning is about versatile knowledge or skill, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 8th century and symbolizes a wish for someone who has died to have eternal peace.

Meaning:
A wish for someone who has died to have eternal peace.

Usage:

1. They said "rest in peace" at the funeral.
2. She wrote "rest in peace" on the memorial card.
3. He hoped his grandfather would rest in peace.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Rest easy," "Eternal rest," "Sleep peacefully"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it expresses the wish for someone who has passed away to be at peace. While "rest" and "peace" are literal words, the combined meaning refers to the concept of death and tranquility in the afterlife, which makes it non-literal and idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes being satisfied with past achievements and not striving for more.

Meaning:
Being satisfied with past achievements and not striving for more.

Usage:

1. He can't rest on his laurels if he wants to stay competitive.
2. She refused to rest on her laurels after winning the award.
3. They advised him not to rest on his laurels and to keep improving.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Coast," "Slack off," "Take it easy"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to become complacent after past achievements instead of continuing to strive for new successes. "Laurels" refer to the leaves of a laurel tree, traditionally associated with honor, but in this phrase, it is figurative, representing past accomplishments and complacency.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 19th century and symbolizes something that is full of flaws or defects.

Meaning:
Something that is full of flaws or defects.

Usage:

1. His argument was riddled with holes.
2. She found the contract riddled with holes.
3. They realized their plan was riddled with holes.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Full of flaws," "Defective," "Problematic"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to be full of flaws, gaps, or problems, typically used when describing an argument or plan. "Riddle" refers to something being filled with holes, and this phrase is figuratively describing something as being full of imperfections, which is non-literal.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes keeping control or watch over something or someone.

Meaning:
Keeping control or watch over something or someone.

Usage:

1. He rode herd on the team to ensure they met the deadline.
2. She had to ride herd on her children during the trip.
3. They rode herd on the project to keep it on track.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Supervise," "Manage closely," "Oversee"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to supervise or manage a situation or group of people. "Herding" refers to the literal act of managing a group of animals, but in this case, it is used metaphorically to describe controlling or managing people or things, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 19th century, symbolizing the act of treating something or someone with disregard or disrespect. It comes from the image of riding a horse with roughshod shoes, which can damage the ground or path.

Meaning:
To treat something or someone with disregard or disrespect.

Usage:

1. He rode roughshod over their opinions during the meeting.
2. She felt he was riding roughshod over her feelings.
3. They were accused of riding roughshod over regulations.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Disregard," "Ignore," "Trample on."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to treat something or someone in a harsh, domineering, or disregarding way, without concern for others' feelings or opinions. The phrase originates from horseback riding but now figuratively refers to an approach where someone does something with force and without care, not tied to the literal riding.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes sitting in the front passenger seat of a vehicle.

Meaning:
Sitting in the front passenger seat of a vehicle.

Usage:

1. He called shotgun to ride in the front seat.
2. She preferred to ride shotgun during road trips.
3. They took turns riding shotgun on the journey.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Front seat," "Passenger seat," "Co-pilot seat"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to sit in the front passenger seat of a vehicle, typically next to the driver. "Shotgun" refers to the position historically held by an armed guard, but in this modern usage, it’s figurative, representing the act of sitting in the front seat, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 20th century and symbolizes experiencing success or happiness.

Meaning:
Experiencing success or happiness.

Usage:

1. She was riding high after winning the award.
2. He was riding high with his successful business.
3. They were riding high on their recent achievements.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Successful," "On top of the world," "Thriving"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to be experiencing success or happiness. The idiom uses "high" metaphorically to suggest a state of superiority or success, and while it may evoke images of literal height, its meaning is figurative, referring to being at the peak of success.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 19th century and symbolizes being perfectly fine or healthy.

Meaning:
Being perfectly fine or healthy.

Usage:

1. He was right as rain after the treatment.
2. She assured them she was right as rain.
3. They were right as rain after the issue was resolved.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Perfectly fine," "In good health," "All right"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to be in a state of good health or condition. The phrase "right as rain" uses "rain" metaphorically to imply correctness or well-being, rather than referring to the literal state of rain. The connection is figurative, making this an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes doing something immediately or without delay.

Meaning:
Doing something immediately or without delay.

Usage:

1. She started working right off the bat.
2. He knew the answer right off the bat.
3. They made the decision right off the bat.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Immediately," "Straightaway," "Without delay"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means immediately or at the very beginning. While "bat" in sports like baseball refers to an object used in the game, the idiom as a whole has a figurative meaning relating to the immediate start of an action, making it an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 20th century, symbolizing the act of being well-suited to someone's interests or abilities. It comes from the idea of being in one's own alley or area of expertise.

Meaning:
To be well-suited to someone's interests or abilities.

Usage:

1. This project is right up your alley.
2. She knew the assignment was right up her alley.
3. They said the new role was right up his alley.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Perfect fit," "Well-suited," "Tailor-made."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means something that is well-suited or familiar to someone, typically an activity or task. "Alley" here is metaphorical, signifying an area or niche that fits someone's preferences or skills. The phrase cannot be understood by just taking the literal meaning of the words; it requires interpretation based on context.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 20th century and symbolizes something that sounds familiar or reminds one of something.

Meaning:
Something that sounds familiar or reminds one of something.

Usage:

1. His name rings a bell, but I can't place him.
2. The story rang a bell from something she read before.
3. They heard a phrase that rang a bell from their childhood.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Sound familiar," "Recall," "Remember"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to cause a memory or recognition, even if only vaguely. The idiom metaphorically refers to something that triggers a familiar thought but not clearly enough to fully remember, making it figurative and idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes something that seems insincere or unconvincing.

Meaning:
Something that seems insincere or unconvincing.

Usage:

1. His apology rang hollow to the audience.
2. She felt his compliments rang hollow.
3. They realized the promises rang hollow without action.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Unconvincing," "Insincere," "Empty words"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means something that sounds insincere, unconvincing, or not genuine. While "ring" may refer to an actual sound, the figurative meaning of something sounding hollow is non-literal, making this phrase an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes being ready or in the ideal condition for action or harvesting.

Meaning:
Being ready or in the ideal condition for action or harvesting.

Usage:

1. The market is ripe for the picking for new businesses.
2. She felt that the opportunity was ripe for the picking.
3. They knew the fruits were ripe for the picking.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Ready for harvest," "Prime for taking," "Ideal condition"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to something being ready or in the ideal state for action, such as making a decision or seizing an opportunity. "Ripe" and "picking" are literal, but the meaning here is metaphorical, referring to an optimal moment for action, which makes it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the mid-20th century, symbolizing the act of being overcharged or deceived. It comes from the idea of being "ripped off," or taken advantage of.

Meaning:
To be overcharged or deceived.

Usage:

1. He felt the concert tickets were a rip-off.
2. She warned them about the rip-off prices at the market.
3. They realized they had been ripped off by the vendor.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Overcharge," "Scam," "Swindle."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to overcharge or deceive someone, often in a financial context. The idiom cannot be understood literally; "rip-off" does not refer to anything being physically ripped or stolen but rather conveys the idea of exploitation or unfairness.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 20th century, symbolizing the act of a single event causing a series of other events. It comes from the image of a ripple spreading outwards in water.

Meaning:
A single event causing a series of other events.

Usage:

1. The new policy had a ripple effect throughout the organization.
2. She saw the ripple effect of her actions on the community.
3. They discussed the ripple effect of the economic changes.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Chain reaction," "Domino effect," "Spreading impact."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively refers to a situation where one action or event causes a series of other consequences, similar to how ripples spread across water. While it uses the concept of ripples metaphorically, the meaning extends beyond the literal interpretation of water disturbances, making it figurative.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 19th century and symbolizes waking up and getting out of bed energetically.

Meaning:
Waking up and getting out of bed energetically.

Usage:

1. She called out, "Rise and shine!" to wake her children.
2. He always says "rise and shine" to start his day.
3. They told the campers to rise and shine early.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Wake up," "Get up," "Start the day"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to wake up and start being active, often used as a cheerful or motivating phrase. The idiom uses "rise" and "shine" metaphorically to encourage someone to begin their day, not in a literal sense, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 19th century, symbolizing the act of successfully meeting a challenge. It comes from the idea of rising to meet a higher standard or expectation.

Meaning:
To successfully meet a challenge.

Usage:

1. He always rises to the occasion when faced with a challenge.
2. She rose to the occasion and delivered a great presentation.
3. They knew he would rise to the occasion during the crisis.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Meet the challenge," "Step up," "Excel under pressure."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to meet a challenge or perform well in a difficult situation. The idiom doesn’t refer to physically rising but instead uses the idea of stepping up to a challenge metaphorically, which cannot be deduced from the individual words alone.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 19th century, symbolizing the act of putting oneself in great danger. It comes from the idea of risking one's life and physical safety.

Meaning:
To put oneself in great danger.

Usage:

1. He risked life and limb to save the child.
2. She knew he would risk life and limb for his family.
3. They admired him for risking life and limb in the rescue operation.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Take a great risk," "Put oneself in danger," "Risk everything."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to put oneself in extreme danger. The idiom uses "life" and "limb" as symbolic references to personal safety, emphasizing the risk involved. It is not to be taken literally, as it does not suggest that one must risk both life and limbs in every dangerous situation.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 20th century, symbolizing a driver who selfishly takes up more than their fair share of the road. It comes from the idea of "hogging" the road, similar to a pig taking more than its share of food.

Meaning:
A driver who selfishly takes up more than their fair share of the road.

Usage:

1. He got angry at the road hog blocking both lanes.
2. She called the careless driver a road hog.
3. They honked at the road hog who was weaving through traffic.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Selfish driver," "Inconsiderate motorist," "Traffic hog."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively refers to someone who drives in a selfish or reckless manner, taking more than their fair share of space on the road. The words "road" and "hog" are metaphorically used to describe a person’s behavior rather than a literal pig or animal.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the late 20th century, symbolizing aggressive or angry behavior by a driver. It comes from the combination of "road" and "rage," indicating intense anger while driving.

Meaning:
Aggressive or angry behavior by a driver.

Usage:

1. He experienced road rage after being cut off.
2. She tried to stay calm and avoid road rage.
3. They witnessed a road rage incident on the highway.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Driving anger," "Aggressive driving," "Motorist fury."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively refers to anger or aggression displayed by drivers in response to traffic situations. While "road" and "rage" are individual words, the combination has a specific figurative meaning that cannot be directly deduced from the literal sense of those words.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 20th century, symbolizing a business that is doing exceptionally well. It comes from the idea of a business roaring with success.

Meaning:
A business that is doing exceptionally well.

Usage:

1. The café was doing a roaring trade on Saturday.
2. She managed to build up a roaring trade with her online store.
3. They were pleased to see their new product enjoying a roaring trade.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Thriving business," "Booming trade," "Successful operation."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively refers to a business or activity that is flourishing or making significant profits. The term "roaring" is used metaphorically to suggest success or high activity, but the phrase doesn’t relate to any literal sound or trade directly.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 16th century, symbolizing the act of taking resources from one area to cover a deficit in another. It comes from the idea of taking money from the apostle Peter to pay the apostle Paul.

Meaning:
To take resources from one area to cover a deficit in another.

Usage:

1. He had to rob Peter to pay Paul by using his savings to pay off his credit card debt.
2. She didn't want to rob Peter to pay Paul with her finances.
3. They found themselves robbing Peter to pay Paul to manage their budget.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Shift resources," "Borrow from one to pay another," "Reallocate funds."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively refers to the act of taking money or resources from one place to cover a debt or need elsewhere, often leading to no real financial improvement. The names "Peter" and "Paul" are metaphorical representations, not actual individuals, making this an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 20th century, symbolizing the act of being romantically involved with someone much younger. It comes from the idea of "robbing" a cradle, which symbolizes youth.

Meaning:
To be romantically involved with someone much younger.

Usage:

1. They said he was robbing the cradle by dating someone 20 years younger.
2. She didn't care about the age difference, even if others thought she was robbing the cradle.
3. He joked that his friends would think he was robbing the cradle.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Date a younger person," "Age gap relationship," "May-December romance."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to have a romantic or sexual relationship with someone much younger, typically implying an inappropriate age gap. The idiom doesn't literally refer to stealing from a cradle but uses the image of a "cradle" to symbolize youth.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 19th century and symbolizes reaching the lowest possible point.

Meaning:
Reaching the lowest possible point.

Usage:

1. He hit rock bottom after losing his job.
2. She felt like she was at rock bottom during her struggles.
3. They realized their finances were at rock bottom.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Lowest point," "Bottom," "Nadir"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to the lowest point of a situation or condition, either physically or emotionally. While "rock" and "bottom" have literal meanings, the combination is figurative, referring to the lowest state or condition one can reach, which makes it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes causing trouble or creating a disturbance.

Meaning:
Causing trouble or creating a disturbance.

Usage:

1. He didn't want to rock the boat by suggesting changes.
2. She was afraid to rock the boat with her opinions.
3. They knew it was risky to rock the boat during the meeting.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Cause trouble," "Stir up," "Disrupt"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to disrupt the status quo or cause trouble in a situation. The idiom metaphorically uses "rock" to imply shaking or causing instability, but it does not literally refer to a boat, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the mid-20th century, symbolizing a task or concept that is extremely difficult or complex. It comes from the idea of rocket science being a highly advanced and challenging field.

Meaning:
A task or concept that is extremely difficult or complex.

Usage:

1. It's not rocket science; anyone can learn how to do it.
2. She told him that figuring out the recipe was hardly rocket science.
3. They assured her that the task was not rocket science.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Complex task," "Difficult problem," "Advanced concept."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively refers to something that is very complex or difficult to understand. While "rocket science" can refer to an actual field of study, the idiom is often used to describe something in general as being overly complicated, which is a figurative use of the term.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes taking a chance or making a risky decision.

Meaning:
Taking a chance or making a risky decision.

Usage:

1. He decided to roll the dice and start his own business.
2. She rolled the dice on the investment opportunity.
3. They were willing to roll the dice for a big reward.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Take a chance," "Gamble," "Risk"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to take a chance or gamble, implying uncertainty and risk. While "dice" refers to actual objects used in games, the phrase has a figurative meaning about taking a risk, making it non-literal and idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 20th century and symbolizes adapting to difficult situations or challenges.

Meaning:
Adapting to difficult situations or challenges.

Usage:

1. He learned to roll with the punches in his job.
2. She advised her friend to roll with the punches.
3. They had to roll with the punches during the crisis.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Adapt," "Cope," "Be flexible"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to adapt to difficult situations or handle challenges without being knocked down. "Punches" here are metaphorical, referring to hardships or setbacks, and the phrase is not about literal punches, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 16th century, symbolizing the idea that great things take time to achieve. It comes from the notion that the city of Rome, with all its grandeur, took many years to build.

Meaning:
Great things take time to achieve.

Usage:

1. He reminded them that Rome wasn’t built in a day and to be patient.
2. She knew that success takes time because Rome wasn’t built in a day.
3. They used the saying, "Rome wasn’t built in a day," to encourage perseverance.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Patience is a virtue," "Take time," "Gradual progress."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means that significant achievements take time and effort, and it cannot be deduced from the literal meaning of the words. While the idiom uses the image of "Rome," a famous historical city, it is not literally about the construction of the city but instead a figurative lesson about patience and persistence.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 19th century and symbolizes persuading someone to join or participate in something.

Meaning:
Persuading someone to join or participate in something.

Usage:

1. She roped him into helping with the event.
2. He was roped into joining the committee.
3. They roped her in for the fundraising campaign.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Persuade," "Convince," "Recruit"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to convince or manipulate someone into participating in something. The idiom uses "rope" metaphorically, not literally, to describe an act of capturing or bringing someone into a situation, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes seeing things in an overly optimistic way.

Meaning:
Seeing things in an overly optimistic way.

Usage:

1. She viewed the situation through rose-colored glasses.
2. He tends to see the world with rose-colored glasses.
3. They realized they were wearing rose-colored glasses about the project.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Overly optimistic," "Idealistic," "Naive perspective"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to seeing things in an overly optimistic or unrealistic way. While the literal meaning of "rose-colored" refers to a tint, the idiom figuratively refers to a biased or overly positive perspective, making it non-literal and idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 19th century, symbolizing a bad or corrupt person within a group. It comes from the idea that one rotten apple can spoil the whole barrel.

Meaning:
A bad or corrupt person within a group.

Usage:

1. They realized he was the rotten apple causing trouble.
2. She warned that one rotten apple can ruin the team.
3. He was identified as the rotten apple in the organization.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Bad influence," "Troublemaker," "Corrupt individual."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to a person who negatively influences others or behaves badly, especially in a group. The literal meaning of a "rotten apple" does not convey the figurative sense of a disruptive or toxic individual, which is why it is an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 20th century, symbolizing the act of being fundamentally corrupt or immoral. It comes from the idea of an apple being rotten all the way to the core.

Meaning:
Fundamentally corrupt or immoral.

Usage:

1. He believed the organization was rotten to the core.
2. She said the system was rotten to the core and needed reform.
3. They realized the corruption was rotten to the core.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Deeply corrupt," "Thoroughly immoral," "Utterly dishonest."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means something or someone is completely bad or corrupt, and it cannot be understood from the literal sense of "rotten" or "core." While "rotten" and "core" are literal words, their figurative meaning goes beyond the surface and suggests deep moral corruption.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 19th century, symbolizing a person who is good-natured but lacks refinement. It comes from the idea of a diamond in its unpolished, rough state.

Meaning:
A person who is good-natured but lacks refinement.

Usage:

1. He was considered a rough diamond in the community.
2. She saw the rough diamond in his potential.
3. They knew he was a rough diamond with much to offer.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Unpolished gem," "Hidden talent," "Unrefined but valuable."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to a person who has raw talent or potential but lacks refinement or polish. The idiom uses the metaphor of a "diamond" being rough before it is cut and polished, but the figurative meaning is about an individual's untapped or hidden value, which cannot be understood from the literal meaning.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 18th century and symbolizes a tournament or sequence where each participant plays all others.

Meaning:
A tournament or sequence where each participant plays all others.

Usage:

1. The round robin tournament ensured everyone played each other.
2. They organized a round robin to determine the best player.
3. She participated in a round robin chess competition.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"All-play-all," "Tournament format," "Circular competition"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to a system or process, often in a sports tournament or meeting, where each participant takes turns in a cyclic order. The term "round robin" does not derive its meaning directly from the individual words but has evolved into a figurative expression, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes becoming crazy or losing one's sanity.

Meaning:
Becoming crazy or losing one's sanity.

Usage:

1. The stress of work nearly drove him round the bend.
2. She thought she was going round the bend with all the noise.
3. They joked that the long project was sending them round the bend.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Go crazy," "Lose sanity," "Go mad"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to go mad or crazy, typically as a result of stress or pressure. The idiom metaphorically uses "bend" to suggest a breaking point or a turning point in one’s sanity, making it non-literal and idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 20th century and symbolizes associating or mingling with influential or famous people.

Meaning:
Associating or mingling with influential or famous people.

Usage:

1. He loves to rub elbows with celebrities at events.
2. She had the chance to rub elbows with industry leaders.
3. They rubbed elbows with politicians at the gala.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Mingle," "Associate," "Socialize with"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to associate or socialize with people, especially those of a higher status or in influential circles. The literal meaning of rubbing elbows is not what the phrase conveys, as it refers figuratively to social interaction, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 20th century, symbolizing the act of reminding someone of their mistakes or failures to cause discomfort. It comes from the idea of rubbing salt into a wound.

Meaning:
To remind someone of their mistakes or failures to cause discomfort.

Usage:

1. He kept rubbing it in about her missed opportunity.
2. She told him not to rub it in after the loss.
3. They felt he was rubbing it in with his constant reminders.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Taunt," "Gloat," "Reproach."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to continue to remind someone of a mistake or misfortune in a way that intensifies the discomfort or embarrassment. The literal meaning of "rub" and "in" does not capture the figurative act of exacerbating someone's feelings, so it is an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes making a painful experience even worse.

Meaning:
Making a painful experience even worse.

Usage:

1. Losing the game was bad enough, but his comments rubbed salt in the wound.
2. She felt his criticism rubbed salt in the wound after her failure.
3. They didn't want to rub salt in the wound by mentioning her mistake.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Make worse," "Aggravate," "Exacerbate"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to make a bad situation worse by adding insult to injury. The idiom uses "salt" and "wound" metaphorically to describe the act of aggravating someone’s pain or difficulty, rather than referring to the literal application of salt, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 19th century, symbolizing the act of regretting a specific event or decision. It comes from the idea of looking back with sorrow or regret.

Meaning:
To regret a specific event or decision.

Usage:

1. He will rue the day he made that choice.
2. She knew she would rue the day if she didn't take the opportunity.
3. They all rue the day they ignored the warning signs.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Regret," "Lament," "Feel remorse."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to deeply regret or lament something that has happened, especially a past action or decision. "Rue" in this context doesn't refer to the literal meaning of "rue" (which is a type of herb), but is used figuratively to express sorrow or regret. The idiom cannot be understood by simply interpreting the individual words, making it an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 17th century and symbolizes a general principle based on experience or practice.

Meaning:
A general principle based on experience or practice.

Usage:

1. As a rule of thumb, you should save at least 10% of your income.
2. The rule of thumb is to check the oil level every month.
3. They followed the rule of thumb when planning the budget.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"General guideline," "Basic principle," "Common practice"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to a general principle or guideline based on experience or practice, rather than exact science or rules. The term "thumb" here does not literally refer to the body part but metaphorically suggests an approximate or general method, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 18th century and symbolizes being in charge or dominant in a particular place.

Meaning:
Being in charge or dominant in a particular place.

Usage:

1. She ruled the roost at home and made all the decisions.
2. He likes to rule the roost in the office.
3. They ruled the roost in their social circle.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Be in charge," "Dominate," "Lead"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to be the dominant person or leader in a situation. The idiom uses "roost" metaphorically to refer to a place or domain where authority is exercised, making it figurative rather than literal, thus it is an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 20th century and symbolizes managing something very efficiently and effectively.

Meaning:
Managing something very efficiently and effectively.

Usage:

1. She runs a tight ship in her department.
2. He is known for running a tight ship at the restaurant.
3. They run a tight ship and expect high standards from everyone.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Efficient management," "Strict control," "Effective leadership"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to manage or organize something efficiently and strictly. The idiom uses "tight ship" metaphorically to describe efficient management, not the literal meaning of a ship, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes getting into trouble or conflict with someone or something.

Meaning:
Getting into trouble or conflict with someone or something.

Usage:

1. He ran afoul of the law with his actions.
2. She ran afoul of the company's policies.
3. They ran afoul of their neighbors with their loud parties.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Conflict with," "Get into trouble," "Offend"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to get into trouble or conflict, particularly with rules or authority. The idiom "run afoul" does not literally refer to running but uses "afoul" to describe figurative conflict, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 18th century and symbolizes behaving uncontrollably and disruptively.

Meaning:
Behaving uncontrollably and disruptively.

Usage:

1. The children ran amok in the playground.
2. He feared the protest might run amok.
3. They watched as the crowd ran amok after the announcement.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Go wild," "Act crazily," "Lose control"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to behave in a chaotic or uncontrollable way. The idiom uses "amok" to represent disorderly behavior, making it non-literal and figurative, which qualifies it as an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 20th century and symbolizes outdoing or outperforming someone.

Meaning:
Outdoing or outperforming someone.

Usage:

1. She could run circles around her competitors.
2. He ran circles around everyone in the test.
3. They ran circles around the other team in the match.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Outperform," "Surpass," "Excel"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to outperform or outmaneuver someone by a large margin. The idiom does not refer to the literal act of running in circles but uses the metaphor of circling to convey superiority in skill or ability, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes feeling tired or exhausted.

Meaning:
Feeling tired or exhausted.

Usage:

1. She felt run down after a long week.
2. He looked run down from all the work.
3. They were run down and needed a break.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Exhausted," "Worn out," "Fatigued"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to reduce or wear something out, or it can refer to someone becoming exhausted. "Run down" uses the words figuratively to indicate deterioration, either of energy or condition, rather than referring to literal running, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 20th century and symbolizes seeking protection from danger.

Meaning:
Seeking protection from danger.

Usage:

1. They ran for cover during the storm.
2. She had to run for cover when the shooting started.
3. He told everyone to run for cover in the emergency.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Seek shelter," "Take refuge," "Hide"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to seek protection, typically in response to danger or conflict. "Cover" here refers metaphorically to safety or refuge, not to literal physical cover, making it figurative and idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 20th century, symbolizing the act of fleeing or escaping from danger or a bad situation. It comes from the idea of running to higher ground for safety.

Meaning:
Fleeing from danger or trouble.

Usage:

1. When he saw the trouble coming, he ran for the hills.
2. She wanted to run for the hills when she heard the news.
3. They decided to run for the hills to avoid the conflict.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Escape," "Flee," "Get away"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it figuratively means to flee or escape, often in response to danger or fear. While the words might suggest a literal physical running to a place, the figurative meaning of "run for the hills" is about seeking safety or avoiding trouble. It is not meant to be interpreted literally, which is characteristic of an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 19th century and symbolizes a trait or characteristic common among family members.

Meaning:
A trait or characteristic common among family members.

Usage:

1. Musical talent runs in the family.
2. They have a history of medical issues that run in the family.
3. She believes creativity runs in the family.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Inherited trait," "Family characteristic," "Genetic"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means a characteristic or trait is shared by members of a family, often across generations. "Run" is used metaphorically here to describe inheritance or shared traits, not referring to literal running, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes protecting or assisting someone.

Meaning:
Protecting or assisting someone.

Usage:

1. He ran interference to help his friend avoid trouble.
2. She asked him to run interference during the meeting.
3. They ran interference to support their colleague.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Assist," "Protect," "Shield"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to act as a barrier or obstacle, often in a figurative sense, to prevent someone from achieving their goal. It does not refer to the literal act of "running" or "interfering" but uses "run" metaphorically to convey the idea of obstruction, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom seems to contain a small error, possibly meaning "run into a buzzsaw," which symbolizes encountering a severe and unexpected problem or difficulty.

Meaning:
To encounter a severe and unexpected problem or difficulty.

Usage:

1. He ran into a buzzsaw when he tried to implement the changes.
2. She felt like she ran into a buzzsaw with the new regulations.
3. They ran into a buzzsaw of opposition during the meeting.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Face a major challenge," "Encounter difficulty," "Hit a roadblock."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to unexpectedly encounter something or someone, often leading to an exciting or troubling situation. "Buzz" here refers to a metaphorical sense of excitement, activity, or a situation that causes a stir. The idiom conveys a figurative meaning that cannot be deduced from the literal words alone, which fits the definition of an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 19th century and symbolizes something ordinary or unremarkable.

Meaning:
Something ordinary or unremarkable.

Usage:

1. The movie was just run of the mill.
2. She didn't want a run of the mill gift.
3. They found the service to be run of the mill.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Ordinary," "Average," "Commonplace"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means something that is average or unremarkable. The idiom refers to a factory's production of ordinary items and does not literally describe running or milling but figuratively conveys the idea of something being typical, not extraordinary, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes talking excessively.

Meaning:
Talking excessively.

Usage:

1. He tends to run off at the mouth during meetings.
2. She was running off at the mouth about her weekend plans.
3. They were annoyed by his habit of running off at the mouth.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Talk too much," "Blabber," "Chatter"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to speak too much, especially in a way that is thoughtless or excessive. The idiom uses "run" figuratively to convey the idea of someone talking endlessly, rather than referring to actual running, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes losing energy or motivation.

Meaning:
Losing energy or motivation.

Usage:

1. He ran out of gas halfway through the marathon.
2. She ran out of gas and couldn't finish her work.
3. They felt like they were running out of gas towards the end of the project.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Fatigue," "Exhaustion," "Burnout"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to lose energy or momentum, either physically or figuratively. While it may be understood in the context of a car running out of fuel, it is metaphorically applied to human effort or resources, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 19th century and symbolizes losing energy or momentum.

Meaning:
Losing energy or momentum.

Usage:

1. They ran out of steam before finishing the presentation.
2. She ran out of steam and had to take a break.
3. He felt like he was running out of steam after hours of work.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Tire out," "Lose momentum," "Become fatigued"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to lose energy or enthusiasm over time. The phrase uses "steam" metaphorically to refer to the power or momentum of a person or process, not to the literal use of steam, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes outperforming someone by a large margin.

Meaning:
Outperforming someone by a large margin.

Usage:

1. She ran rings around her opponents in the debate.
2. He ran rings around his competitors with his skills.
3. They ran rings around the other team in the game.

Similar Idioms / Phrases
"Outperform," "Outclass," "Surpass"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to outperform or outsmart someone by a significant margin. The idiom does not refer to actual running in circles but uses the metaphor of running circles to indicate superiority, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 19th century, symbolizing the act of behaving in a wild, uncontrolled manner. It comes from the idea of a riot running uncontrollably through the streets.

Meaning:
To behave in a wild, uncontrolled manner.

Usage:

1. The children ran riot at the playground.
2. She let her imagination run riot while brainstorming.
3. They warned that the fans might run riot after the game.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Go wild," "Act uncontrollably," "Run amok."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to behave in an uncontrolled or unruly manner, often with chaos or excess. The words "run" and "riot" on their own may suggest movement and disorder, but their combination in this phrase refers to a figurative concept of unrestrained behavior. The figurative use cannot be fully understood from the literal interpretation, which categorizes it as an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 19th century, symbolizing the act of experiencing or covering a wide range of something. It comes from the musical term "gamut," referring to the full scale of notes.

Meaning:
To experience or cover a wide range of something.

Usage:

1. Her emotions ran the gamut from joy to sorrow.
2. The topics in the meeting ran the gamut from finance to marketing.
3. They experienced the gamut of weather conditions on their trip.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Cover a range," "Span the spectrum," "Experience everything."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to cover a wide range of something, such as emotions, activities, or experiences. "Gamut" here refers to a complete range or scope, often from one extreme to another. The idiom does not refer to an actual physical range but is figurative, and the literal meaning is insufficient to convey its intended meaning, making it an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 16th century and symbolizes facing a series of difficulties or challenges.

Meaning:
Facing a series of difficulties or challenges.

Usage:

1. He had to run the gauntlet of interviews to get the job.
2. She felt like she was running the gauntlet with all the tests.
3. They ran the gauntlet of obstacles to achieve their goal.

Similar Idioms / Phrases
"Face challenges," "Overcome obstacles," "Endure trials"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to facing a series of challenges or tests, often with the expectation of difficulty. "Gauntlet" refers metaphorically to a harsh trial or ordeal, and the idiom does not describe the literal act of running, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes being in charge or in control of something.

Meaning:
Being in charge or in control of something.

Usage:

1. She ran the show at the conference.
2. He likes to run the show in his projects.
3. They trusted him to run the show smoothly.

Similar Idioms / Phrases
"Lead," "Manage," "Direct"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to be in control or to lead a situation or event. The idiom uses "show" metaphorically to refer to the management or direction of an event, not to a literal performance, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom has been in use since the early 20th century, primarily in billiards, symbolizing the act of winning every game or contest in a series. It comes from the idea of a player winning every game on the billiard table without losing.

Meaning:
To win every game or contest in a series.

Usage:

1. He ran the table in the tournament and took home the trophy.
2. She hoped to run the table in the sales competition.
3. They ran the table in their league and remained undefeated.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Win all," "Sweep," "Dominate."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to win every game or situation, often without losing. The idiom is derived from competitive contexts, like billiards, where "running the table" refers to sinking all the balls. The meaning is figurative when applied to other contexts, such as achieving success in a series of challenges. It cannot be understood literally, which makes it an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes finding someone or something after a thorough search.

Meaning:
Finding someone or something after a thorough search.

Usage:

1. The detective ran the suspect to ground after weeks of searching.
2. She finally ran her lost keys to ground under the couch.
3. They ran the issue to ground and fixed the problem.

Similar Idioms / Phrases
"Track down," "Locate," "Uncover"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to track down or find something, often after a lengthy pursuit. The idiom does not refer to actual running or the ground itself but uses these terms metaphorically to suggest a search or conclusion, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the 18th century and symbolizes behaving uncontrollably or freely.

Meaning:
Behaving uncontrollably or freely.

Usage:

1. The children ran wild at the park.
2. He allowed his imagination to run wild during the brainstorming session.
3. They ran wild with excitement at the concert.

Similar Idioms / Phrases
"Go wild," "Act freely," "Behave uncontrollably"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to behave in an uncontrolled or unruly manner. The idiom uses "wild" metaphorically to describe disorderly behavior, not the literal act of running in the wild, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the early 16th century, symbolizing the act of supporting or attempting to please opposing sides simultaneously. It comes from the idea of running with the hare while hunting with the hounds.

Meaning:
To support or attempt to please opposing sides simultaneously.

Usage:

1. He tried to run with the hare by agreeing with both parties.
2. She knew it was difficult to run with the hare and satisfy everyone.
3. They accused him of running with the hare to avoid confrontation.

Similar Idioms / Phrases:
"Sit on the fence," "Be indecisive," "Please everyone."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it means to support or align with both sides of an argument or situation, often being opportunistic or trying to please all parties. "Hare" here metaphorically refers to a strategy of dual loyalty, and the phrase is not meant to be understood literally. It uses figurative language that cannot be derived from the individual words.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 20th century and symbolizes continuing to operate despite a lack of energy or resources.

Meaning:
Continuing to operate despite a lack of energy or resources.

Usage:

1. She felt like she was running on empty after the long week.
2. He kept working even though he was running on empty.
3. They were running on empty but pushed through to meet the deadline.

Similar Idioms / Phrases
"Exhausted," "Depleted," "Out of energy"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it describes a situation where someone continues to operate despite being exhausted or lacking resources. The idiom uses "empty" metaphorically to signify a lack of energy or resources, making it idiomatic.

Origin:
This idiom dates back to the late 20th century, symbolizing the act of continuing to function despite being extremely tired or depleted of resources. It comes from the idea of a car running on the last remnants of fuel fumes.

Meaning:
To continue to function despite being extremely tired or depleted of resources.

Usage:

1. He was running on fumes after staying up all night.
2. She felt like she was running on fumes by the end of the week.
3. They managed to finish the project, even though they were running on fumes.

Similar Idioms / Phrases
"Exhausted," "Worn out," "Burned out."

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to continuing to function or persist despite having very little energy or resources left, like a vehicle running on the last bit of fuel ("fumes"). The idiom does not refer to an actual vehicle running out of fuel, but metaphorically expresses exhaustion or the feeling of barely managing to continue. The literal meaning of "fumes" is not relevant here, making this an idiom.

Origin:
This idiom has been used since the 19th century and symbolizes a sudden urge or impulse.

Meaning:
A sudden urge or impulse.

Usage:

1. In a rush of blood, he decided to quit his job.
2. She had a rush of blood and bought the expensive dress.
3. They experienced a rush of blood and took the risky investment.

Similar Idioms / Phrases
"Impulse," "Sudden urge," "Momentary decision"

Justifications:
This is an idiom because it refers to a sudden feeling of intense emotion, often linked to an impulsive action or behavior. "Rush" is used metaphorically to describe a sudden surge of emotion or action, not the literal flow of blood, making it idiomatic.